![]() ![]() Imaging methods: USG, USG + FNAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy), sialography, CT, MRI.Physical examination: asspection, palpation, bimanual palpation.Laboratory tests: free fraction T 3, Tsub>4, TSH, calcitonin, antibodies against the thyroid gland.Imaging methods: USG, USG + FNAB (fine needle aspiration biopsy), scintigraphy, T, MRI.Imaging methods: CT, MRI, USG (lymph nodes of the neck).This ossicular chain conducts sound from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear, which has been known since the time of Galen (2nd century ce) as the labyrinth. Panendoscopy: general endoscopic examination performed under general anesthesia and including epipharyngoscopy, direct laryngoscopy, hypopharyngoscopy and esophagoscopy. It is spanned by a chain of three tiny bones the malleus (hammer), incus (anvil), and stapes (stirrup), collectively called the auditory ossicles.Ear wax: The ears have two glands namely the sebaceous glands and ceruminous glands in the external auditory meatus. b) Vestibular system: This helps in the balance of the body. Instrumental and endoscopic examination: epipharyngoscopy with a mirror or using optics, magnifying laryngoscopy. The inner part of the ear has two functional parts as.2) The resulting pressure changes in the cochlear fluid cause the basilar membrane to ripple, bending the hair cells on its surface. The bones of the middle ear (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) amplify and relay the eardrum's vibrations through the oval window into the fluid- filled cochlea. Physical examination: aspect, aspect after compressing the tongue with a spatula, palpation. 1 / 12 1) The outer ear funnels sound waves to the eardrum.BERA (brainstem evoked response audiometry).Tuning tests (Rinne's test, Weber's test, Schwabach's test).Imaging methods: X-ray (projection according to Schüller, projection according to Stenverse), CT, MRI.Otoscopy (by eye or using a microscope).Physical examination: aspect, palpation.The lowest frequencies detected by hair cells near the tip.Otoscopic image : A – pars tensa, B – anulus fibrocartilagineus, C – umbo, D – prominentia malearis (short protuberance of the hammer), E – stria malearis (handle of the hammer), F – pars flacida, G – long arm of the anvil Ear examination Of Corti with the highest frequencies detected near the base of the cochlea,Īnd the remainder of the sound spectrum detected in a progressive fashion with Given frequency is a function of the location of the hair cells along the organ Young, can hear sounds with frequencies (pitches) from as low as 16 to as highĪs 20,000 hertz (cycles per second). Three bones in middle conduct sound from external to inner ear: malleus (hammer) incus (anvil) and stapes (stirrup) connected to eachother by biological. The auditory nerve (the 8th cranial nerve) to the brain. ItĬells, which are the actual vibration receptors These impulses travel back along The organ of Corti lies within the middle chamber of the cochlea. Running through the cochlea for its entire length is a plate of bone andĪn inner tube that is also filled with endolymph. Running through the cochlea for its entire length is a plate of bone and an inner tube that is also filled with endolymph. The cochlea is a tube, about 3.5 cm long, that is coiled like a snail shell and filled with a special fluid called endolymph. Of the innermost ossicle, the stirrup, are transmitted through a flexible membrane, the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. RapidĬhanges in pressure at such times - such as descending in an aircraft or duringĪ SCUBA dive, may be quite painful because of the unequal pressure against the Inflame the walls of the eustachian tubes making them less easily opened. They articulate with each other with synovial joints, and transmit vibrations by being moved by the muscles of the middle ear. Swallowing or yawning - equalizes the air pressure on either side of the The ossicles also magnify the amplitude of theĪnd is connected to the outside air by the eustachian.hammer (malleus) anvil (incus) stirrup (stapes).these vibrations are transmitted across the middle ear by three tiny linked bones, the ossicles:.strike the eardrum (tympanic membrane) causing it to outer ear (ear flap, ear canal, and eardrum), middle ear (three little bones called the hammer, anvil, and stirrup) and inner ear (the cochlea, a tiny conch.Sound vibrations cause the fluid and tiny hair cells inside the cochlea to move. Sound vibrations move from the eardrum through the ossicles (bones in the middle ear) to the cochlea. The sense of hearing is the ability to detect the mechanical vibrations The outer ear collects sound waves moving through the air and directs them to the eardrum. ![]()
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